ESTIMATION THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE ISOLATED FROM HIGH VAGINAL SWAB IN PREGNANT WOMEN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48047/xr72r597Keywords:
HVS, Enterobacter cloacae, Susceptibility test, Biofilm formation, Catheter adhesionAbstract
Any opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen, Enterobacter cloacae with key epidemiological features such as acquisition of antimicrobial resistance along with high adhesion to a surface leading to biofilms. To isolate and characterization of E.cloacae from High vaginal swab (HVS); to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, biofilm forming ability and catheter adherence. Samples of HVS were processed and E. cloacae was isolated in 4% of samples confirmed by VITEK® 2 system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates were highly susceptible to most of antibiotics, particularly meropenem, gentamicin, tobramycin and many cephalosporins and least susceptible to ciprofloxacin Biofilm thickness quantification showed that isolates were able to produce biofilm in mixed populations ranging from weak to strong producers. In addition, catheter adhesion testing demonstrated strong adherence ability in all isolates, with high adhesion index values (9.47–12.60). In conclusion, although E. cloacae was infrequently isolated from HVS samples, the isolates exhibited significant virulence traits, including biofilm formation and strong adhesion, which may contribute to persistence and clinical relevance in gynecological infections.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, S., et al. (2006). Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of aerobic bacterial vaginal isolates. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 16(3), 196–199.
Bhardwaj, N., et al. (2021). Bacterial adhesion mechanisms on urinary catheter surfaces and role of surface proteins in Enterobacter spp. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 70(4), 001345.
Cangui-Panchi, S. P., et al. (2022). Biofilm-forming microorganisms causing hospital-acquired infections from intravenous catheter: A systematic review. Current Research in Microbial Sciences, 3, 100175.
Christensen, G. D., Simpson, W. A., Younger, J. J., Baddour, L. M., Barrett, F. F., Melton, D. M., & Beachey, E. H. (1985). Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 22(6), 996–1006.
Davin-Regli, A.,&Pagès, J. M. (2015). Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 392.
Davin-Regli, A.,&Pagès, J. M. (2015). Enterobacter cloacae complex: Clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 392.
Davin-Regli, A.,&Pagès, J. M. (2015). Enterobacter cloacae complex: Clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 392.
Flores-Mireles, A. L., et al. (2020). Urinary catheter-associated biofilm formation and infection. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(6), 348–364.
Flores-Mireles, A. L., et al. (2020). Urinary catheter-associated biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion mechanisms. Nature Reviews Urology, 17(6), 348–364.
Harris, P. N. A., et al. (2015). Treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae with inducible AmpC β-lactamases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(3), 646–689.
Hennequin, C., et al. (2020). Adhesion properties of Enterobacter cloacae complex clinical isolates on abiotic surfaces. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 80, 104185.
Jacobsen, S. M., et al. (2021). Surface-associated virulence factors in Enterobacterales from clinical infections. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 672890.formation of Enterobacter cloacae. Food Science, 41(7), 1–7.
Jacoby, G. A. (2005). Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41(Suppl 2), S120–S126.
Linhares, I. M., et al. (2021). Vaginal microbiota and infections. Revista de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 43(2), 85–92.
Linhares, I. M., et al. (2021). Vaginal microbiota and infections. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 43(2), 85–92.
Liu, S. L., Chen, L. Q., et al. (2022). Cluster differences in antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, mobility, and virulence of clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 814831.
Liu, S. L., et al. (2022). Cluster differences in antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence of Enterobacter cloacae complex. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 814831.
Mezzatesta, M. L., et al. (2012). Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and resistance. Future Microbiology, 7(7), 887–902.
Mezzatesta, M. L., Gona, F.,&Stefani, S. (2012). Enterobacter cloacae complex: Clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiology, 7(7), 887–902.
Misra, T., et al. (2022). Insights into biofilm dynamics of Enterobacter cloacae. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 877060.
Misra, T., Tare, M. T.,&Jha, P. N. (2022). Insights into the dynamics and composition of biofilm formed by Enterobacter cloacae. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 877060.
O’Hara, C. M., et al. (2020). Update on the identification of Enterobacter cloacae complex. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 58(5), e01435-19.
Qian, W., Liu, M., Fu, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, J., Yang, M., Sun, Z., Li, X.,&Li, Y. (2020). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of citral against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 17(7), 459–465.
References (APA style)
Sobel, J. D. (2000). Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 31(2), 398–402.
Sobel, J. D. (2000). Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 31(2), 398–402.
Stepanović, S., et al. (2020). Biofilm formation on medical devices. Journal of Hospital Infection, 104(3), 299–305.
Stepanović, S., Vuković, D., Hola, V., Di Bonaventura, G., Djukić, S., Cirković, I., & Ruzicka, F. (2000). A modified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 40(2), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00122-6
Tschudin-Sutter, S., et al. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterobacter cloacae from clinical specimens. Antibiotics, 12(4), 673.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mhmood Abed Hamzah (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
