The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Anemia Among Adults Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48047/vfygt887Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease; Maintenance hemodialysis; End-stage kidney disease; Anemia; Insulin-like growth factor-1; Erythropoiesis; Growth hormone; Protein-energy wasting; Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.Abstract
Background: Anemia remains one of the most common and clinically significant complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly among adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Although impaired renal erythropoietin production is considered the principal mechanism, anemia in this population is multifactorial and is influenced by iron dysregulation, chronic inflammation, uremic toxins, nutritional deficiencies, shortened erythrocyte survival, and resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating
Downloads
References
Babitt JL, Berns JS, Bozkurt B, et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2026 clinical practice guideline for the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney Int. 2026;109(1):44-56.
Babitt JL, Eisenga MF, Haase VH, et al. Controversies in optimal anemia management: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Conference. Kidney Int. 2021;99(6):1280-1295.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
