Endoscopic Modified Lothrop Procedure for Refractory Frontal Sinus Disease: Indications, Surgical Technique, Outcomes, and Complications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48047/ysay1m08Keywords:
Draf III; modified Lothrop procedure; frontal sinusotomy; chronic frontal rhinosinusitisAbstract
Background: The frontal sinus remains one of the most technically demanding regions in endoscopic sinonasal surgery because of its narrow drainage pathway, highly variable pneumatization, acute access angle, and proximity to the orbit and anterior skull base. Although limited frontal sinusotomy is sufficient for many patients, persistent inflammation, osteitis, postoperative scarring, recurrent polyposis, mucoceles, and selected tumors may cause failure of conventional approaches. The Draf III procedure, also known as the endoscopic
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References
Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020;58(suppl S29):1-464.
DeConde AS, Smith TL. Outcomes after frontal sinus surgery: an evidence-based review. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(4):1019-1033.
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