CLINICAL PROFILE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) emerged as a prevalent and clinically significant inflammatory disorder characterized by a distinct constellation of symptoms, with nasal obstruction and nasal discharge representing the most frequently reported complaints among affected patients. These symptoms were often accompanied by varying degrees of facial pressure, hyposmia, and impaired quality of life, reflecting the substantial burden imposed by the disease. Endoscopic evaluation revealed that a considerable proportion of patients exhibited nasal polyps, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of CRS and the importance of thorough clinical assessment in disease classification and management. Analysis of potential risk factors demonstrated that allergic rhinosinusitis, bronchial asthma, cigarette smoking, and occupational exposure to airborne irritants were independently associated with an increased likelihood of developing CRS. These findings underscore the multifactorial pathogenesis of the condition, involving complex interactions between chronic mucosal inflammations, environmental exposures, and underlying atopic tendencies. Allergic rhinitis and asthma likely contribute through shared inflammatory pathways affecting both the upper and lower airways, supporting the concept of a unified airway disease. Similarly, tobacco smoke and occupational irritants may promote persistent mucosal irritation, impaired mucociliary clearance, and chronic inflammatory responses that predispose individuals to CRS. The observed associations emphasize the need for a comprehensive clinical approach that extends beyond symptom management to include identification and modification of contributory risk factors. Routine evaluation for coexisting allergic conditions, smoking habits, and occupational exposures should therefore form an integral component of CRS assessment and treatment planning. Targeted interventions such as allergy management, smoking cessation programs, environmental control measures, and patient education may contribute to improved symptom control and disease outcomes. Overall, the study highlights the characteristic clinical profile of CRS and reinforces the importance of addressing both allergic and environmental determinants to optimize patient care, reduce disease burden, and enhance long-term quality of life.